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View Article  Insomnia
The snoring going on next to me isn't helping. It's 4:17AM, I've been up since 1:30. But, I've done a lot of work on a couple of papers that are due in the next few weeks. I couldn't do the ones that actually required me to read textbooks, or journal printouts, but since I've got quite a few on the 'puter on PDF, I was able to get a decent amount done. Other than that, I'm not sure why I couldn't sleep tonight - I didn't even drink too much caffeine!

I had insomnia earlier this week as well, that one was all the nagging things I needed to do running through my brain, and so I sat up, grabbed a pack of post-its, and made notes. I went RIGHT back to sleep after that. In the AM I woke to my bedside dresser COVERED in barely legible post-its. I spent the rest of the week pulling them off and throwing them away as I finished the task listed there.

That reminds me, I need to pay bills.
View Article  Saturated?
All this literature review is making me realize that their has been a decent amount of research - although in reality it is far from saturated - into labor interventions and their associated risk.

What does seem to be missing is the study of the need for a pediatric team at delivery, low initial Apgar scores, and what can increase the risk of these two. Most research seems to identify "no significant neonatal morbidity". A.k.a. "we may have broken the process, but we could fix it and baby was fine in the end".

Of course first thing to do is to prove why these initial moments are clinically important, which is hard to do in this day and age where most people have come to believe that this is part of the "normal" process.

I'm not sure this is within the scope of my dissertation. Again, it's something that I will start to set up to evaluate when I'm done. At this point, I remain on track to piggy back my dissertation on my advisor's existing research. But I can continue to work the literature and set things up to do it when I'm done.
View Article  From the Guru to the Gunk
Having read Ellice Lieberman's work at some length now, I'm still convinced of her goddess status - a midwife in doctor's clothing? Probably not, medical intervention is acknowledged by her to be overused, but there is still an acceptance of it in places that wouldn't follow a true midwifery model.

But that's okay, it gives her "street cred" - in that as an MD, she can pass off info that a midwife could not, unfortunately.

But I haven't heard back from her yet. I did follow up my first e-mail with a "just in case the first try went to your SPAM folder" addendum.

So there's the Guru update. Now for The Gunk, aka what I see as sloppy research.

I'm reading an article about clavicular fracture in "normal" labor and delivery. To the authors, it appears (thought it was not clearly defined) that that means "vaginal".

Over 12 years, and out of over 27 thousand births, they had 403 infants "diagnosed" with clavicular fractures. Of those, they only used 87! They excluded infants who were not occiput anterior (now, I would think that malpositioning would be a risk factor for clavicle fractures), and who did not have a fetal weight estimate done on sonogram (so the expectation of "big baby" was already set up - my guess is that the management of that labor would be less than "normal").

Additionally, their diagnostic criteria for clavicular fracture included:
  • asymmetry of the clavicles
  • absence of the supraclavicular notch
  • local edema or hematoma
  • crepitations (a soft crackling sound/feeling) upon palpation
  • local tenderness (did the baby cry upon exam)
And they specifically add that Xray films were not a part of their diagnosis unless brachial plexus injury was suspected.

Findings include significant relationships between clavicular fractures and maternal height, duration of second stage of labor, fetal weight estimation (but not actual birth weight, weird, no?), and birth length. None of this makes intuitive sense to me.

In the end, they acknowledge no way to accurately predict clavicular fracture risk, and that it is a very small risk.

Could be interesting to follow up some day, though, take a look at variables that were intentionally eliminated here.

Reference:
Kaplan, B, Rabinerson, D, Avrech, O.M., Carmi, N., Steinberg, D.M., & Merlob, P. (1998). Fracture of the clavicle in the newborn following normal labor and delivery. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 63, 15-20.
View Article  Resilient Families, Surviving Adversity
This is in tribute to G&E, M&A, S&K and all the other families undergoing family stress at the hands of medical crisis.

I was talking to a dear friend about surviving, coping, and adapting - as an individual as well as as a family - in the face of loss... and I found some particularly pertinent info in some reading we had to do for my Family Theory class.

Per F Walsh in her 2003 article entitled "Family Resilience: A Framework for Clinical Practice", family members may cope with health crises in different ways. Stages of grief may be moved into and out of by different members at different times. Further, gender differences may result in a widening gap between family members. Men tend to withdraw or become angry, whereas women tend to reach out and express emotions. All of this leading to a feeling of being out of sync with ones family, and particularly a spouse/partner.

Feelings of loss of control can result in members attempting to control each other - creating some sense of control, albeit an unhealthy one. This may be especially true in men who don't like to demonstrate loss of control (over ones own emotions in particular).

Open communication, negotiations, and "collaborative problem solving" are crucial elements to resiliency in families. Walsh said specifically
Each family must find it's own pathways through adversity, fitting their situation, their cultural orientation and their personal strengths and resources.(P. 13)
Another element to this article that I liked was the discussion of not trying to "bounce back", rather moving to "bounce forward". You can never go back to where you were... but you CAN find a healthy new normal, and become yourself, and your family again, within it.

Reference: Family Process, 2003 Vol 2, no. 1, pg. 1-19.
View Article  Contacting the Guru
I sent an e-mail today to Ellice Lieberman. She's a Harvard professor in the School of Medicine. She practices at Brigham and Women's hospital. Most importanly, she's published quite the body of work regarding risks associated with epidural analgesia.
Lieberman E, Davidson K, Lee-Parritz A, Shearer E. Changes in fetal position during labor and their association with epidural analgesia.
Obstet Gynecol. 2005 May;105(5 Pt 1):974-82.
PMID: 15863533

2: Lieberman E. Epidemiology of epidural analgesia and cesarean delivery.
Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Jun;47(2):317-31. Review. No abstract available.
PMID: 15166856

3: Goetzl L, Cohen A, Frigoletto F Jr, Lang JM, Lieberman E. Maternal epidural analgesia and rates of maternal antibiotic treatment in a low-risk nulliparous population. J Perinatol. 2003 Sep;23(6):457-61.
PMID: 13679931

4: Fisler RE, Cohen A, Ringer SA, Lieberman E. Neonatal outcome after trial of labor compared with elective repeat cesarean section. Birth. 2003 Jun;30(2):83-8.
PMID: 12752164

5: Eltzschig HK, Lieberman ES, Camann WR. Regional anesthesia and analgesia for labor and delivery. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jan 23;348(4):319-32. Review. No abstract available.
PMID: 12540646

6: Goetzl L, Evans T, Rivers J, Suresh MS, Lieberman E. Elevated maternal and fetal serum interleukin-6 levels are associated with epidural fever. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Oct;187(4):834-8. PMID: 12388959

7: Gross JB, Cohen AP, Lang JM, Frigoletto FD, Lieberman ES. Differences in systemic opioid use do not explain increased fever incidence in parturients receiving epidural analgesia.
Anesthesiology. 2002 Jul;97(1):157-61. PMID: 12131117

8: Lieberman E, O'donoghue C. Unintended effects of epidural analgesia during labor: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 May;186(5 Suppl Nature):S31-68. Review.
PMID: 12011872

9: Caton D, Corry MP, Frigoletto FD, Hopkins DP, Lieberman E, Mayberry L, Rooks JP, Rosenfield A, Sakala C, Simkin P, Young D. The nature and management of labor pain: executive summary. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 May;186(5 Suppl Nature):S1-15. Review.
PMID: 12011869

10: Goetzl L, Cohen A, Frigoletto F Jr, Ringer SA, Lang JM, Lieberman E. Maternal epidural use and neonatal sepsis evaluation in afebrile mothers. Pediatrics. 2001 Nov;108(5):1099-102.
PMID: 11694687

11: Robinson JN, Norwitz ER, Cohen AP, Lieberman E. Predictors of episiotomy use at first spontaneous vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Aug;96(2):214-8.
PMID: 10908765

12: Lieberman E, Lang JM, Frigoletto F, Cohen A. Epidurals and cesareans: the jury is still out.
Birth. 1999 Sep;26(3):196-8. No abstract available. PMID: 10655821

13: Goldberg AB, Cohen A, Lieberman E. Nulliparas' preferences for epidural analgesia: their effects on actual use in labor. Birth. 1999 Sep;26(3):139-43. PMID: 10655812

14: Lieberman E, Lang J, Richardson DK, Frigoletto FD, Heffner LJ, Cohen A. Intrapartum maternal fever and neonatal outcome. Pediatrics. 2000 Jan;105(1 Pt 1):8-13. PMID: 10617697

15: Lieberman E. No free lunch on labor day. The risks and benefits of epidural analgesia during labor. J Nurse Midwifery. 1999 Jul-Aug;44(4):394-8. Review. PMID: 10466286

16: Robinson JN, Norwitz ER, Cohen AP, McElrath TF, Lieberman ES. Epidural analgesia and third- or fourth-degree lacerations in nulliparas. Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Aug;94(2):259-62.
PMID: 10432139

17: Lieberman E, Cohen A, Frigoletto F, Lang J. Epidural analgesia and cesarean delivery.
JAMA. 1999 Jun 9;281(22):2085; author reply 2086-7. No abstract available.
PMID: 10367812

18: Lieberman E, Cohen A, Lang J, Frigoletto F, Goetzl L. Maternal intrapartum temperature elevation as a risk factor for cesarean delivery and assisted vaginal delivery.
Am J Public Health. 1999 Apr;89(4):506-10. PMID: 10191792

19. Lieberman E, Lang JM, Frigoletto F Jr, Richardson DK, Ringer SA, Cohen A. Epidural analgesia, intrapartum fever, and neonatal sepsis evaluation. Pediatrics. 1997 Mar;99(3):415-9.
PMID: 9041298

20: Lieberman E, Lang JM, Cohen A, D'Agostino R Jr, Datta S, Frigoletto FD Jr. Association of epidural analgesia with cesarean delivery in nulliparas. Obstet Gynecol. 1996 Dec;88(6):993-1000. PMID: 8942841
A small handfull of these are available in free full-text for anyone interested in tracking them down and reading them.

I'm actually nervous to hear back from her!